The title must be written in English, concise, informative, and formatted in Times New Roman size 16, Capitalize Each Word. It should clearly indicate the main focus and variables of the study without unnecessary jargon or non-standard abbreviations.

Format author names and institutional affiliations as shown below:

Do not include academic titles (e.g., Prof., Dr., M.Si., Ph.D.) or professional designations.

The abstract must be written in English as a single, standalone paragraph (150–200 words). It should give readers concise information about the content of the article, indicating the background, research objectives, main methodology/results obtained, and conclusions drawn.

⚠️ The abstract must be complete in itself; no table numbers, figure numbers, reference citations, or displayed mathematical expressions should be included.

Provide 3 to 5 keywords (separated by semicolons ';') written in alphabetical order. Choose representative terms widely used in management, capital markets, economics, finance, or digital business literature to optimize database searchability.

The introduction provides the background and context of the study. Authors must:

• Present the research problem clearly.
• Explain the significance of the topic in management, innovation, economics, or digital business.
• Identify the specific gap in existing knowledge that this study addresses.
• Explicitly state the research objectives and/or research questions at the end of this section.

Critically examine existing research relevant to the study. Discuss key theories, frameworks, and empirical findings. Identify contradictions, gaps, or limitations justifying the study. Use APA 7th edition citations throughout, e.g., (Author, Year) or Author (Year).

• 2.1. Theoretical Framework: Present the theoretical framework or conceptual model guiding the study. Explain construct relationships. A conceptual model figure may be included if appropriate.
• 2.2. Hypothesis Development: State hypotheses logically derived from reviewed theories (e.g., H1: [Independent variable] has a significant positive effect on [dependent variable]). Delete this subsection if qualitative or non-hypothesis testing.

Provide a complete, detailed, and replicable description of the research methodology across four mandatory subsections:

• 3.1. Research Design: Describe overall design (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) and approach (exploratory, descriptive, explanatory, or evaluative).
• 3.2. Population and Sample: Define target population, sampling method (purposive, random, stratified), sample size determination, and inclusion/exclusion criteria.
• 3.3. Data Collection: Describe instruments and procedures (questionnaire, interview, observation, secondary database). Primary data: validity/reliability (Cronbach’s alpha, content validity ratio). Secondary data: state source and time period.
• 3.4. Data Analysis: Describe analytical techniques (regression, SEM, thematic analysis) and software used (SPSS, SmartPLS, NVivo, STATA). Justify choice relative to design.

Present findings objectively and in a logical order without interpretation or discussion (reserve interpretation for Discussion). Number tables and figures consecutively and reference them in the text prior to appearance.

• 4.1. Descriptive Statistics: Present sample and key variable statistics (mean, std dev, frequency distributions, respondent demographics).
• 4.2. Hypothesis Testing / Main Findings: Report test results, test statistics, p-values, and effect sizes (quantitative) or main themes/categories (qualitative).

Interpret and explain findings relative to research questions, hypotheses, and literature. Discuss whether results support or contradict prior studies and explain why. Highlight theoretical and practical implications, and acknowledge study limitations and their potential impact.

Provide a concise summary of main findings and their contribution to management, innovation, economics, or digital business studies. Address research objectives directly. Avoid introducing new data. Suggest directions for future research and practical recommendations for managers, policymakers, or practitioners.

Authors must include the following four declaration statements preceding the References section:

Format all reference citations according to APA 7th Edition Style. Mandatory use of reference managers (Mendeley, Zotero, or EndNote). Examples below: